The term stress had none of its contemporary connotations
before the 1920s. It is a form of the Middle English destresse, derived via Old
French from the Latin stringere, "to draw tight."
The word had long been in use in physics to refer to the internal
distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. In
the 1920s and 1930s biological and psychological circles occasionally
used the term to refer to a mental strain or to a harmful environmental
agent that could cause illness. Walter Cannon used it in 1926 to refer to
external factors that disrupted what he called homeostasis.
But "[...] Stress as an explanation of lived experience is absent from
both lay and expert life narratives before the 1930s".
Homeostasis is a concept central to the idea of stress. In biology,
most biochemical processes strive to maintain equilibrium,
a steady state that exists more as an ideal and less as an achievable
condition. Environmental factors, internal or external stimuli,
continually disrupt homeostasis; an organism’s present condition is a
state in constant flux moving about a homeostatic point that is that
organism’s optimal condition for living. Factors causing an organism’s
condition to diverge too far from homeostasis can be interpreted as stress. A
life-threatening situation such as a physical insult or prolonged
starvation can greatly disrupt homeostasis. On the other hand, an
organism’s effortful attempt at restoring conditions back to or near
homeostasis, oftentimes consuming energy and natural resources, can also
be interpreted as stress. In such instances, an organism’s fight-or-flight response recruits
the body's energy stores and focuses attention to overcome the challenge
at hand.
The ambiguity in defining this phenomenon was first recognized by Hans
Selye
First to use the term in a biological context, Selye continued to
define stress as "the non-specific response of the body to any demand
placed upon it". As of 2011Bruce
McEwen and Jaap Koolhaas
believe that stress, based on years of empirical research, "should be
restricted to conditions where an environmental demand exceeds the
natural regulatory capacity of an organism".
Despite the numerous definitions] given to stress,
homeostasis appears to lie at its core (1907-1982) in 1926. In 1951 a commentator loosely summarized
Selye's view of stress as something that "…in addition to being itself,
was also the cause of itself, and the result of itself."
neuroscientists such as .[update]
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